Enzymatic Debridement Compared To Surgical Debridement: A Cost Analysis in a Burn Unit in Spain.

The standard care for burns is tangential surgical debridement and subsequent covering, but recently enzymatic debridement has appeared as an alternative. The objective of this study, using an individualised cost-per-patient information system, is to compare the cost per patient of these two alternatives and identify their main determining factors. A non-randomised, retrospective, observational study was carried out with 79 patients, 39 of whom were treated with surgical debridement. The average cost per patient for enzymatic debridement is lower, particularly due to a shorter length of stay of critical hospitalisation (13.7 vs. 18.9 days; €26,101 vs. €33,919), a decreased need for surgical procedures (0.45 vs. 1.28) and a shorter use of operating theatres (53 vs. 202 minutes; €904 vs. €3,000). Age, aetiology, evolution length and percentage TBSA are robust determinants of the cost of care for burn patients. The type of procedure does not appear to significantly affect the cost per patient.

Le traitement de référence d'une brûlure profonde est l'excision chirurgicale suivie de greffe. L'excision enzymatique se pose en alternative à la chirurgie. Nous avons comparé le coût individuel de ces 2 options, en utilisant un moyen informatique approprié. Il s'agit d'une étude observationnelle rétrospective conduite sur les dossiers de 79 patients dont 39 traités chirurgicalement. La réduction de coût calculée pour le traitement enzymatique (de 33 919€ à 26 101€) tient de la réduction de la durée de séjour (de 18,9 à 13,7 jours), de la réduction du nombre d'actes chirurgicaux (de 1,28 à 0,45) et la réduction de la durée d'utilisation du bloc opératoire (de 202 à 53 mn) ce qui génère une diminution de coût de 3 000 à 904€. Cependant, l'âge, la cause, la surface brûlée et la durée de cicatrisation sont des paramètres robustes de variation des coûts, la stratégie chirurgicale ou enzymatique semblant n'agir qu'à la marge.

Comprehensive Genome-Wide Natural Variation and Expression Analysis of Tubby-like Proteins Gene Family in Brachypodium distachyon.

The Tubby-like proteins (TLPs) gene family is a group of transcription factors found in both animals and plants. In this study, we identified twelve B. distachyon TLPs, divided into six groups based on conserved domains and evolutionary relationships. We predicted cis-regulatory elements involved in light, hormone, and biotic and abiotic stresses. The expression patterns in response to light and hormones revealed that BdTLP3, 4, 7, and 14 are involved in light responses, and BdTLP1 is involved in ABA responses. Furthermore, BdTLP2, 7, 9, and 13 are expressed throughout vegetative and reproductive stages, whereas BdTLP1, 3, 5, and 14 are expressed at germinating grains and early vegetative development, and BdTLP4, 6, 8, and 10 are expressed at the early reproduction stage. The natural variation in the eleven most diverged B. distachyon lines revealed high conservation levels of BdTLP1-6 to high variation in BdTLP7-14 proteins. Based on diversifying selection, we identified amino acids in BdTLP1, 3, 8, and 13, potentially substantially affecting protein functions. This analysis provided valuable information for further functional studies to understand the regulation, pathways involved, and mechanism of BdTLPs.

Scanning mutagenesis of the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.2 using base editing.

It is challenging to apply traditional mutational scanning to voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) and functionally annotate the large number of coding variants in these genes. Using a cytosine base editor and a pooled viability assay, we screen a library of 368 guide RNAs (gRNAs) tiling NaV1.2 to identify more than 100 gRNAs that change NaV1.2 function. We sequence base edits made by a subset of these gRNAs to confirm specific variants that drive changes in channel function. Electrophysiological characterization of these channel variants validates the screen results and provides functional mechanisms of channel perturbation. Most of the changes caused by these gRNAs are classifiable as loss of function along with two missense mutations that lead to gain of function in NaV1.2 channels. This two-tiered strategy to functionally characterize ion channel protein variants at scale identifies a large set of loss-of-function mutations in NaV1.2.

A systematic review of the costs of diagnosis for multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant TB in different settings.

BACKGROUND: We performed an analysis of the cost and relative merits of different strategies for the diagnosis of multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant TB (MDR/XDR-TB) in different settings.METHODS: We systematically reviewed the published evidence on cost/cost-effectiveness of rapid MDR/pre-XDR-TB and other methods for XDR-TB testing up to September 2022. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Collected data were analysed using Stata v17 software. Cost data were reported in USD ($) and summarised by mean, standard deviation, and range. Country income level was defined according to the World Bank country classification. Three simplified scenarios were also used to explore testing implications, based on low, intermediate and high TB incidence.RESULTS: Of 157 records, 25 studies were included with 24 reporting the cost of Xpert/RIF and two that evaluated the implementation of the MTBDRplus test. The total rapid test cost ranged from $12.41-$218, including $1.13-$74.60 for reagents/consumables and $0.40-$14.34 for equipment.CONCLUSION: The cost of MDR/XDR-TB diagnostics is lower in low resource settings. However, the cost-effective implementation of MDR/XDR-TB diagnostic algorithms requires careful consideration of local resources to avoid missed identification and the use of inappropriate regimen.

Experiences and challenges in telemedicine of physicians from the National Capital Region during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study / The Health Sciences Journal

Introduction@#The COVID-19 pandemic caused a shift to delivering health services through telemedicine. This study recognized the perceptions, experiences, and challenges of physicians who practice synchronous teleconsultation in the Philippines.@*Methods@#A qualitative descriptive research design using purposive sampling, eight physicians from NCR were interviewed. Data collected were subjected to thematic analysis for common themes and integrated into an analytic narrative.@*Results@#Eight physicians were included as participants. Different measures taken to remedy the gap included upskilling of physicians, adjustment of clerical work, ensuring data privacy, and creating a conducive workplace. Remote consultations posed limitations on physical examination and emphasized the reliance on diagnostics. Digital platforms used depended on the physician’s preference, type of practice, and patient’s accessibility. This led to an increased dependency on good internet and network service connections to ensure smooth teleconsultations. A lack of respect for the physician’s personal boundaries and work-life balance was cited as a major challenge. @*Conclusion@#Telemedicine proved to be an option to provide healthcare despite its limitations, but the shift to its practice exposed many challenges as it is not a replacement for physical consultations.

Implementing a Rapid Response System in a tertiary-care hospital. A cost-effectiveness study.

PURPOSE: The occurrence of adverse events (AE) in hospitalized patients substancially increases the risk of disability or death, having a major negative clinical and economic impact on public health. For early identification of patients at risk and to establish preventive measures, different healthcare systems have implemented rapid response systems (RRS). The aim of this study was to carry out a cost-effectiveness analysis of implementing a RRS in a tertiary-care hospital. METHODS: We included all the patients admitted to Hospital Clínic de Barcelona from 1 to 2016 to 31 December 2016. The cost-effectiveness analysis was summarized as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (incremental cost divided by the incremental effectiveness of the two alternatives, RRS versus non-RRS). The effectiveness of the RRS, defined as improvements in health outcomes (AE, cardiopulmonary arrest and mortality), was obtained from the literature and applied to the included patient cohort. A budget impact analysis on the implementation of the RRS from a hospital perspective was performed over a 5-year time horizon. RESULTS: 42,409 patients were included, and 448 (1.05%) had severe AE requiring ICU admission. The cost-effectiveness analysis showed an incremental cost (savings) of EUR - 1,471,101 of RRS versus the non-RRS. The budgetary impact showed a cost reduction of EUR 896,762.00 in the first year and EUR 1,588,579.00 from the second to the fifth year. CONCLUSIONS: The present analysis shows the RRS as a dominant, less costly and more effective structure compared to the non-RRS.

TRPC5 Channel Inhibition Protects Podocytes in Puromycin-Aminonucleoside Induced Nephrosis Models.

Podocyte injury and the appearance of proteinuria are key features of several progressive kidney diseases. Genetic deletion or selective inhibition of TRPC5 channels with small-molecule inhibitors protects podocytes in rodent models of kidney disease, but less is known about the human relevance and translatability of TRPC5 inhibition. Here, we investigate the effect of TRPC5 inhibition in puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-treated rats, human iPSC-derived podocytes, and kidney organoids. We first established that systemic administration of the TRPC5 inhibitor AC1903 was sufficient to protect podocyte cytoskeletal proteins and suppress proteinuria in PAN-induced nephrosis rats, an established model of podocyte injury. TRPC5 current was recorded in the human iPSC-derived podocytes and was blocked by AC1903. PAN treatment caused podocyte injury in human iPSC-derived podocytes and kidney organoids. Inhibition of TRPC5 channels reversed the effects of PAN-induced injury in human podocytes in both 2D and 3D culture systems. Taken together, these results revealed the relevance of TRPC5 channel inhibition in puromycin-aminonucleoside induced nephrosis models, highlighting the potential of this therapeutic strategy for patients.

[Analysis of the demand for detection of SARSCoV-2 in a health area of Spain]. / Análisis de la demanda de detección de SARS-CoV-2 en un área de salud de España.

OBJECTIVE: Since the discovery of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the polymerase chain reaction technique (RT-PCR) has become the fundamental method for diagnosing the disease in its acute phase. The objective is to describe the demand-based series of RT-PCR determinations received at a Microbiology Service at a third-level reference hospital for a health area for three months spanning from the onset of the epidemic by SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the total of the RT-PCR requested in the Microbiology Service analyzed from 02/25/2020 to 05/26/2020 (90 days) has been carried out. They have been grouped by epidemiological weeks and by the petitioner service. A descriptive analysis was carried out by age, gender and number of requests for each patient. In the tests carried out, a confidence level of 95% (p <0.05) was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 27,106 requests was received corresponding to 22,037 patients. Median age 53.7 (RIC 40.9-71.7) years, women: 61.3%. Proportion of patients with any positive RT-PCR: 14%. Of the total requests for RT-PCR, positive 3,710. Week 13 had the highest diagnosis performance (39.0%). The primary care has been the service thar has made the most requests (15,953). Patients with 3 or more RT-PCR: 565, of them, 19 patients had a positive result after previously having a negative one. CONCLUSIONS: Requests have been increasing depending on the evolution of the epidemic. The RT-PCR has a high diagnostic performance in the phases of highest contagiousness and / or transmissibility of the virus.

Curcumin addition in diet of laying hens under cold stress has antioxidant and antimicrobial effects and improves bird health and egg quality.

Curcumin is an herbal component with several biological properties, and we highlight here the thermal stability, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. We determined whether curcumin supplementation in the diets of laying hens under cold stress and naturally infected with Escherichia coli would control infection, and would have positive effects on overall health, as well as egg production and quality. We allocated 36 chickens that had been naturally infected with E. coli into two groups, with six replicates and three chickens per repetition: control group and curcumin group (200 mg curcumin/kg). The experimental period lasted 42 days, and fecal, blood and egg samples were collected at 1, 21 and 42 days We found that feces and eggs had lower total bacterial counts, E. coli counts and total coliform counts in the curcumin group at 21 and 42 days. In fresh eggs, the brightness and yellow intensity (b+) were significantly higher in the curcumin group. In stored eggs, higher specific gravity, albumen height and lower yolk pH were observed in the curcumin group. Fresh eggs collected and stored on day 42 showed lower levels of lipid peroxidation in the curcumin group, while the total antioxidant capacity in the stored eggs was significantly higher in the curcumin group. The curcumin group showed lower total leukocyte counts as a result of lower numbers of neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as lower levels of total protein, alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase. Lower serum lipoperoxidation at 42 days was observed in the curcumin group, probably because of the higher activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase in other words, because of antioxidant stimulation. Taken together, our findings suggest that curcumin supplementation in laying hens under cold stress and with colibacillosis has positive effects on infection control because of antioxidant stimulation.

Deciphering the Roles of Interspace and Controlled Disorder in the Bactericidal Properties of Nanopatterns against Staphylococcus aureus.

Recent progress in nano-/micro-fabrication techniques has paved the way for the emergence of synthetic bactericidal patterned surfaces that are capable of killing the bacteria via mechanical mechanisms. Different design parameters are known to affect the bactericidal activity of nanopatterns. Evaluating the effects of each parameter, isolated from the others, requires systematic studies. Here, we systematically assessed the effects of the interspacing and disordered arrangement of nanopillars on the bactericidal properties of nanopatterned surfaces. Electron beam induced deposition (EBID) was used to additively manufacture nanopatterns with precisely controlled dimensions (i.e., a height of 190 nm, a diameter of 80 nm, and interspaces of 100, 170, 300, and 500 nm) as well as disordered versions of them. The killing efficiency of the nanopatterns against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria increased by decreasing the interspace, achieving the highest efficiency of 62 ± 23% on the nanopatterns with 100 nm interspacing. By comparison, the disordered nanopatterns did not influence the killing efficiency significantly, as compared to their ordered correspondents. Direct penetration of nanopatterns into the bacterial cell wall was identified as the killing mechanism according to cross-sectional views, which is consistent with previous studies. The findings indicate that future studies aimed at optimizing the design of nanopatterns should focus on the interspacing as an important parameter affecting the bactericidal properties. In combination with controlled disorder, nanopatterns with contrary effects on bacterial and mammalian cells may be developed.

Optical spectral intensity-based interrogation technique for liquid-level interferometric fiber sensors.

In this paper, we propose a new, to the best of our knowledge, technique based on the measurement and analysis of the intensity of the interference pattern as an alternative approach for interrogating liquid-level interferometric fiber sensors. This interrogation is based on calculations that can take into account a vast number of peaks and dips of an interferometric spectrum, allowing the use of such devices as distributed sensors capable of measuring longer-level ranges. Here, liquid-level measurements of up to 120 mm were experimentally obtained with high linearity and a sensitivity of $ - {0.042}\;{\rm dB/mm}$-0.042dB/mm.

Sequelae and Quality of Life in Patients Living at Home 1 Year After a Stroke Managed in Stroke Units.

Introduction: Knowledge about residual deficiencies and their consequences on daily life activities among stroke patients living at home 1-year after the initial event managed in stroke units is poor. This multi-dimensional study assessed the types of deficiencies, their frequency and the consequences that the specific stroke had upon the daily life of patients. Methods: A cross-sectional survey, assessing, using standardized scales, 1 year post-stroke disabilities, limitations of activities, participation and quality of life, was carried out by telephone interview and by mail in a sample of stroke patients who returned home after having been initially managed in a stroke unit. Results: A total of 161 patients were included (142 able to answer the interview on their own; 19 needing a care-giver). Amongst a sub-group of the patients interviewed, 55.4% (95% Confidence Interval [47.1-63.7]) complained about pain and 60.0% (95% CI [51.4-68.6]) complained of fatigue; about 25% presented neuropsychological or neuropsychiatric disability. Whilst 87.3% (95% CI [81.7-92.9]) were independent for daily life activities, participation in every domains and quality of life scores, mainly in daily activity, pain, and anxiety subscales, were low. Conclusion: Despite a good 1-year post-stroke functional outcome, non-motor disabling symptoms are frequent amongst patients returned home and able to be interviewed, contributing to a low level of participation and a poor quality of life. Rehabilitation strategies focused on participation should be developed to break the vicious circle of social isolation and improve quality of life.

Purinergic signaling creates an anti-inflammatory profile in spleens of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella naturally infected by Saprolegnia parasitica: An attempt to prevent ATP pro-inflammatory effects.

Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is as key mediator of immune and inflammatory responses. ATP is normally sequestered in the intracellular milieu and released by apoptotic and necrotic cells, where it acts as a pro-inflammatory mediator in the extracellular milieu. A limited number of studies have explored the involvement of purinergic signaling in oomycete infections, including Saprolegnia parasitica; this is a most destructive oomycete pathogen, associated with high mortality and severe economic losses for fish producers. The aim of this study was to determine whether purinergic signaling exerts anti- or pro-inflammatory effects in spleens of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) naturally infected by S. parasitica. Animals naturally infected with S. parasitica showed typical gross lesions characterized by cotton-wool tufts on the tail and fins, as well as severe histopathological lesions such as necrosis. Spleen ATP and metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) levels were higher in fish naturally infected by S. parasitica compared to control on day 7 post-infection (PI). Spleen nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) activity (ATP as substrate) was greater in fish naturally infected by S. parasitica than in uninfected on day 7 PI, while no significant differences were observed between groups with respect to NTPDase (adenosine diphosphate as substrate) and 5'-nucleotidase activities. Finally, adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was lower in fish naturally infected by S. parasitica than in uninfected fish on day 7 PI. In summary, spleen tissue necrosis in the context of saprolegniosis provokes an intense release of ATP into the extracellular milieu, where it interacts with the P2X7 purine receptor and leads to a self-sustained pro-inflammatory deleterious cycle, contributing to an intense inflammatory process. In response to excessive ATP levels in the extracellular milieu, ATP and adenosine hydrolysis were modulated in an attempt to restrict the inflammatory process via upregulation of NTPDase and downregulation of ADA activities. We conclude that the purinergic signaling pathway modulates immune and inflammatory responses during natural infection with S. parasitica.

Dietary supplementation with caffeine increases survival rate, reduces microbial load and protects the liver against Aeromonas hydrophila-induced hepatic damage in the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella.

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics is a major concern for the aquaculture industry because of the increasing prevalence of bacterial resistance, including the emergence of multi-resistant strains of Aeromonas hydrophila. Therefore, alternative ecofriendly therapeutic or prophylactic approaches such as natural products have been suggested, including caffeine, a methylxanthine with potent bactericidal and antioxidant properties. The aims of this study were to evaluate whether dietary supplementation with caffeine exerted bactericidal effects against A. hydrophila, and to determine whether caffeine protected the liver of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) against A. hydrophila-induced oxidative damage. Experiment I evaluated the antimicrobial properties of caffeine dietary supplementation linked to longevity and mortality rates during aeromonosis. Fish infected with A. hydrophila that were fed diets containing 5% and 8% caffeine lived significantly longer than those fed with control diets. Experiment II evaluated hepatic oxidative stress-related parameters and microbial loads on day 7 post-infection. Levels of hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LOOH) and protein carbonylation (PC) levels were significantly higher in infected fish fed with control diet than in uninfected fish, and hepatic antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were significantly inhibited. Dietary supplementation with 5% and 8% caffeine prevented the increase on hepatic ROS, LOOH and PC levels (except 5% caffeine) elicited by infection. Caffeine supplementation reduced or prevented the inhibition of hepatic SOD, GPx and GST activities. Finally, both caffeine concentrations reduced the hepatic microbial load compared to fish fed with control diets that were infected with A. hydrophila. Taken together, the data suggest that dietary supplementation with 8% caffeine may be considered a compelling prophylactic approach to aeromonosis caused by A. hydrophila.

Valoración de factores predictivos de positividad en PET con 68Ga-PSMA-11 en el cáncer de próstata / Assessment of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET positivity predictive factors in prostate cancer

Objetivo: La tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) con 68Ga-PSMA-11 (68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA) se ha ganado la atención de los investigadores, gracias a que el PSMA se encuentra sobreexpresado en los tejidos tumorales del cáncer de próstata. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la rentabilidad diagnóstica de este radiotrazador en la recidiva del cáncer de próstata. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo que cuenta con 53 estudios, realizados en 50 pacientes varones con cáncer de próstata remitidos por sospecha de recidiva bioquímica. Todos presentaban resultados negativos o dudosos en otras técnicas de imagen. Resultados: De los 53 estudios, 36 (68%) fueros positivos. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los estudios positivos y negativos en la escala de Gleason, los niveles de PSA, el PSAdt, el estudio tardío y el haber recibido durante el tratamiento un bloqueo hormonal androgénico (p<0,05). Respecto al valor del PSA, de los 21 pacientes con un PSA<1ng/ml, 10 (48%) obtuvieron una PET patológica. Cuando el PSAdt fue inferior a 6 meses, el 86,7% de los pacientes obtuvieron una PET anormal. En el análisis multivariante, solo la escala de Gleason se asoció de forma independiente con el hallazgo de una PET anormal. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio encontró una alta tasa de detección de enfermedad en estudios PET con 68Ga-PSMA-11 en pacientes en los que otras técnicas presentaban imágenes dudosas o negativas. Casi un 50% de los pacientes con recurrencia bioquímica de cáncer de próstata y niveles bajos de PSA (<1ng/ml) tienen enfermedad activa en la PET con 68Ga-PSMA-11, precisamente un nivel donde otros radiotrazadores tienen un peor umbral de sensibilidad

Purpose: Positron emission tomography (PET) studies with 68Ga-PSMA-11 (68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA) have earned the attention of researchers, due to overexpression of PSMA in the tumoral tissues of prostate cancer. Our aim was to analyse the potential benefit of this radiotracer in the biochemical relapse of prostate cancer. Material and methods: This retrospective analysis included 53 studies, performed on 50 male prostate cancer patients referred due to biochemical recurrence. In all cases, previous imaging techniques were negative or inconclusive. Results: Of the 53 studies, 36 (68%) were positive. Significant differences were found between the positive and negative PET groups in Gleason's scale, PSA levels, PSAdt, late acquisition and the administration of androgen deprivation therapy during treatment (P<.05). Regarding PSA levels, 10 (48%) of the 21 patients with PSA<1ng/ml, obtained a pathological PET result. When the PSAdt was below six months, 86.7% of the patients obtained an abnormal PET. In the multivariate analysis, only Gleason's scale was associated independently with an abnormal PET result. Conclusions: 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET shows a high disease detection rate in patients where other techniques showed negative or doubtful images. Almost 50% of patients with prostate cancer biochemical recurrence and low PSA levels (<1ng/ml) have active disease on 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET, precisely where other radiotracers lack sensitivity

Assessment of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET positivity predictive factors in prostate cancer. / Valoración de factores predictivos de positividad en PET con 68Ga-PSMA-11 en el cáncer de próstata.

PURPOSE: Positron emission tomography (PET) studies with 68Ga-PSMA-11 (68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA) have earned the attention of researchers, due to overexpression of PSMA in the tumoral tissues of prostate cancer. Our aim was to analyse the potential benefit of this radiotracer in the biochemical relapse of prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective analysis included 53 studies, performed on 50 male prostate cancer patients referred due to biochemical recurrence. In all cases, previous imaging techniques were negative or inconclusive. RESULTS: Of the 53 studies, 36 (68%) were positive. Significant differences were found between the positive and negative PET groups in Gleason's scale, PSA levels, PSAdt, late acquisition and the administration of androgen deprivation therapy during treatment (P<.05). Regarding PSA levels, 10 (48%) of the 21 patients with PSA<1ng/ml, obtained a pathological PET result. When the PSAdt was below six months, 86.7% of the patients obtained an abnormal PET. In the multivariate analysis, only Gleason's scale was associated independently with an abnormal PET result. CONCLUSIONS: 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET shows a high disease detection rate in patients where other techniques showed negative or doubtful images. Almost 50% of patients with prostate cancer biochemical recurrence and low PSA levels (<1ng/ml) have active disease on 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET, precisely where other radiotracers lack sensitivity.

Targeted metagenomics approach to capture the biodiversity of Saccharomyces genus in wild environments.

The species of the genus Saccharomyces are commonly inhabiting tree bark and the surrounding soil, but their abundance have likely been underestimated due to biases in culturing methods. Metagenomic studies have so far been unable to detect Saccharomyces species in wild environments. Here, we sequenced the mycobiome of soils surrounding different trees at various altitudes in the Italian Alps. To survey for yeasts species belonging to Saccharomyces genus rather than other fungal species, we performed a selectivity step involving the isolation of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region that is specific to this yeast group. Reads mapping to Saccharomyces species were detected in all soil samples, including reads for S. mikatae and for S. eubayanus. ITS1 alignment of the S. cerevisiae, S. paradoxus and S. kudriavzevii sequences showed up to three base pair polymorphisms with other known strains, indicating possible new lineages. Basidiomycetous fungi were still the dominant species, compared to the Ascomycota, but the selectivity step allowed for the first time the detection and study of the biodiversity of the Saccharomyces species in their natural environment.

SEOM guide to primary and secondary prevention of cancer: 2014

PURPOSE: The current incidence of cancer in the world is 14 million cases in 2012, with a mortality rate of 8.2 million in that year. The incidence of cancer in Spain exceeds 215,000 cases a year, and survival rates are the highest when compared to those of our neighbouring countries. Among the reasons for the steady decrease in cancer mortality rates in Spain, two causes must be highlighted: the increasing efficacy of treatment and prevention measures. It is important evaluate the opportunity of early detection and prevention in these tumors. METHODS: We have reviewed the evidence published in the most prevalent tumors. The evidence levels described in this paper are based on the GRADE system. RESULTS: We show the recommendations about primary and secondary prevention in breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer. CONCLUSION: The diffusion of these preventive tools can reduce the incidence of cancer and increase the number of early diagnostics in the most prevalent tumors.(AU)

SEOM guide to primary and secondary prevention of cancer: 2014.

PURPOSE: The current incidence of cancer in the world is 14 million cases in 2012, with a mortality rate of 8.2 million in that year. The incidence of cancer in Spain exceeds 215,000 cases a year, and survival rates are the highest when compared to those of our neighbouring countries. Among the reasons for the steady decrease in cancer mortality rates in Spain, two causes must be highlighted: the increasing efficacy of treatment and prevention measures. It is important evaluate the opportunity of early detection and prevention in these tumors. METHODS: We have reviewed the evidence published in the most prevalent tumors. The evidence levels described in this paper are based on the GRADE system. RESULTS: We show the recommendations about primary and secondary prevention in breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer. CONCLUSION: The diffusion of these preventive tools can reduce the incidence of cancer and increase the number of early diagnostics in the most prevalent tumors.